Norbulingka Palace in Lhasa

Chinese Name:罗布林卡
English Name: Norbulingka Palace, Lhasa
Location: Located in Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region
Admission Fee: Free
Opening Hours: All Day

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Norbulingka (罗布林卡), a UNESCO World Heritage Site and the third batch of national key cultural relics protection units, is located in the western outskirts of Lhasa, Tibet. The palace was originally built in the 1740s (during the 7th Dalai Lama’s reign) and served as the summer residence and administrative headquarters for the successive Dalai Lamas. It is a typical Tibetan-style garden, and after more than 200 years of expansion, it covers an area of 360,000 square meters. The garden houses more than 100 plant species, including rare flowers from the Himalayas and various species imported from mainland China and abroad, earning it the title of the “Highland Botanical Garden.”

The main structures in the garden include the Gashan Poche (格桑颇章), Golden Poche (金色颇章), and Daden Mingjiu Poche (达旦明久颇章). With 374 rooms, it is the largest, most scenic, and most historically significant man-made garden in Tibet. Norbulingka means “Treasure Garden” in Tibetan.

Though often humorously referred to as “a water tower, two rows of craft shops, and several palaces surrounding a zoo,” Norbulingka remains an iconic historical and cultural site in Lhasa.

Historical Development

Norbulingka’s construction began with the 7th Dalai Lama, who initially constructed the Uyao Poche (乌尧颇章) and gradually expanded it into the grand complex it is today. Before the 1740s, Norbulingka was just an area overgrown with wild shrubs and inhabited by wild animals. The region was located along the Lhasa River’s old path, known for its meandering waterway, slow currents, and scenic landscapes, making it a perfect place for the Dalai Lama to retreat during the summer.

Early Development

The 7th Dalai Lama, Gesang Gyatso (格桑嘉措), frequently visited the area during his time at Drepung Monastery (哲蚌寺) to relax and study. Eventually, due to his fondness for the site, the Qing Dynasty’s Tibetan officials built a Niyao Poche (鸟尧颇章) – a small pavilion-palace for the Dalai Lama to rest in. In 1751, the 7th Dalai Lama constructed a three-story palace, Gesang Poche (格桑颇章), named after himself. This new palace housed a Buddhist chapel, a bedroom, a reading room, a protector deity temple, and a meeting hall. After its completion, the Dalai Lama was granted permission by the Yongzheng Emperor (雍正帝) to spend his summers in Gesang Poche to handle political and religious affairs, a tradition continued by later Dalai Lamas.

Expansions and Modifications

The 8th Dalai Lama expanded the grounds further by constructing Chaba Kang (阅览室) as a reading room, Kangsong Sillon (威镇三界阁), and Quran (讲经院). The existing pond was transformed into a lake, and in keeping with the traditional Chinese-style architectural design, a Dragon King Temple (龙王庙) and Choji Poche (措吉颇章) were constructed on the lake’s center, with stone bridges linking the sides. In 1922, the 13th Dalai Lama further developed the area by constructing the Golden Poche (金色颇章), Gesang Deji Palace (格桑德吉宫), and Qimi Quji Palace (其美曲吉宫) on the western side, while also planting large quantities of flowers and trees.

Modernization

In 1954, the 14th Dalai Lama built the Daden Mingjiu Poche (达旦明久颇章) in the central part of the park, along with a new palace to the north, further expanding Norbulingka into its current large-scale format. Over the years, the site has been carefully managed and developed by the Dalai Lamas, who constructed various palaces, pavilions, and water pavilions while planting a variety of trees, flowers, and plants, transforming Norbulingka into an expansive and aesthetically pleasing park and museum.

In 2019, Norbulingka (罗布林卡) joined forces with seven other units to form the Southwest Tourism Scenic Area Alliance, which was inaugurated at the Wuhou Shrine Museum (武侯祠博物馆) in Chengdu.

Architectural and Botanical Features

Norbulingka Palace (罗布林卡) is home to many significant Tibetan-style architectural features. Among the most important buildings are:

Gashan Poche (格桑颇章) – the main building of Norbulingka, which served as the administrative office for the Dalai Lama during the summer months.

Golden Poche (金色颇章) – constructed in the 1920s, this palace is known for its grand design and vibrant golden decorations.

Daden Mingjiu Poche (达旦明久颇章) – another major structure in Norbulingka, showcasing the unique blend of Tibetan and Chinese architectural elements.

The garden also features a variety of flora, including over 100 plant species. The area boasts several distinctive species from both the northern and southern slopes of the Himalayas, as well as exotic plants introduced from other regions of China and abroad, making it an ideal destination for botany enthusiasts.

Major Attractions

Palaces and Pavilions

Gesang Poche (格桑颇章): This three-story palace, built by the 7th Dalai Lama, was the primary residence and administrative seat during the summer months.

Golden Poche (金色颇章): This palace, constructed in the 1920s, is notable for its golden decorations and picturesque setting.

Qimi Quji Palace (其美曲吉宫): Located on the western side of the park, this palace is surrounded by a lush garden and offers a tranquil atmosphere.

Botanical Garden

Norbulingka (罗布林卡) is a paradise for plant lovers, with over 100 species of flowers, trees, and shrubs from Tibet and the surrounding Himalayan regions. Among the notable flora are species of peonies (牡丹) and poppies (芍药), as well as rare exotic plants introduced from other regions.

Historical Significance

Norbulingka Palace (罗布林卡) is not just an architectural marvel, but also a historical treasure. It has long served as the summer residence of the Dalai Lamas, where they both relaxed and engaged in religious and political activities. Over the years, it has become a place of pilgrimage and cultural significance, reflecting Tibet’s unique cultural heritage.

Festivals and Cultural Events

Each year, Norbulingka (罗布林卡) hosts various cultural and religious festivals, such as the Shoton Festival (雪顿节), which takes place in the summer. During this time, the palace gardens are open to visitors, and special performances and religious ceremonies are held, including the famous Buddha unveiling ceremony (晒佛仪式), where large Buddha thangkas are displayed for the public to admire.

Visiting Norbulingka

Visitors to Norbulingka (罗布林卡) can enjoy a rich cultural experience while exploring the palace’s grand architecture and lush gardens. With its historical significance, stunning scenery, and unique Tibetan style, it is an essential destination for anyone interested in Tibetan culture, history, and religion.

Architectural Features

Norbulingka Palace (罗布林卡) is the largest, most scenic, and historically significant man-made garden in Tibet. It is renowned for its unique architectural features that harmonize with its natural surroundings. The design is characterized by elevated platforms, sunken pools, and natural landscaping that creates stunning scenic views. The lush greenery of the park, with buildings like the Lakeheart Palace (湖心宫), Dragon King Pavilion (龙王亭), and Golden Lincha (金色林卡), are scattered among the trees, offering a sense of tranquility and charm typical of Tibetan gardens.

The clean air and peaceful ambiance create an atmosphere of simplicity and natural beauty, showcasing the distinct qualities of Tibetan landscaping. The blend of architectural structures with the natural landscape is what makes Norbulingka a unique and serene place for visitors.

Composition and Layout

Norbulingka Palace (罗布林卡) consists of several palace groups, including Gesang Poche (格桑颇章), Golden Poche (金色颇章), and Daden Mingjiu Poche (达旦明久颇章). These groups are divided into three main sections: the palace area, the front palace area, and the forest area. The central part of the complex is located in the southeastern section of the second protective wall, with Gesang Poche (格桑颇章) as the central building.

The area around Lakeheart Palace (湖心亭), located about 120 meters northwest of Gesang Poche (格桑颇章), is considered the most beautiful part of the garden.

The Golden Poche (金色颇章) is located on the western side of Norbulingka (罗布林卡) and features a more natural and forested environment.

The entire layout of Norbulingka (罗布林卡) combines traditional Tibetan design with mainland Chinese landscaping techniques. This includes the strategic use of architecture, stones, water, and trees to create various scenic spots. For instance, the design of Lakeheart Palace (湖心宫) shows influences from ancient Chinese gardening art, particularly the “one pond, three mountains” style.

Each of the sections of Norbulingka (罗布林卡) has its distinct landscape, combining both nature and human-made elements to enhance the beauty and spirit of the park.

Key Architectural Structures

Gesang Poche (格桑颇章): The central palace complex, featuring three floors. The first floor contains a Buddhist hall, the second floor includes a Lohan Hall (罗汉殿), Protector Hall (护法殿), and a room for the Dalai Lama’s religious studies, while the third floor is used for meetings with officials and guests.

Golden Poche (金色颇章): Located in the western section, this building reflects traditional Tibetan style with intricate carvings and grand designs.

Daden Mingjiu Poche (达旦明久颇章): Known as the “Eternal Palace,” it is a more modern structure that retains traditional Tibetan architectural elements but also includes modern amenities.

Norbulingka (罗布林卡) also has numerous courtyards, gardens, and pavilions scattered throughout the grounds, offering beautiful natural landscapes, tranquil settings, and opportunities for leisure and reflection.

Cultural and Religious Significance

Religious Activities and Rituals

In the summer, many governmental offices, along with the Dalai Lama’s court, moved from the Potala Palace (布达拉宫) to Norbulingka (罗布林卡), where they continued their administrative and religious duties. The palace also served as a place for the Dalai Lama to practice religion and hold rituals, making it an essential site for Tibetan Buddhism.

Kangsong Sillon (康松思轮): A pavilion that was originally a small Chinese-style wooden building but was later converted into a theater for the Dalai Lama to watch performances.

Shabden Lakang (夏布甸拉康): A temple used for religious ceremonies located northeast of Kangsong Sillon (康松思轮).

Modern Development

The 14th Dalai Lama built a new palace, Daden Mingjiu Poche (达旦明久颇章), also known as the “Eternal Palace” (永恒不变宫). Though the new palace was constructed in a modern style, it retains traditional Tibetan architectural features. The interior of the palace combines both Tibetan traditions and modern amenities, such as couches, radios, and even bathtubs—luxuries that were rare at the time.

In the new palace, the Dalai Lama’s bedroom is furnished with traditional Tibetan seating and a lavishly adorned bed. The audience room features both traditional Tibetan furniture and modern amenities, blending the past and present.

The Dalaï Lama’s Lecture Hall (达赖喇嘛讲经堂) in the new palace features a gilded throne, surrounded by precious gemstones and designed to maximize the protection of the throne, which is now enclosed in a glass case.

Attractions at Norbulingka

Summer Palace and Scenic Gardens

Lakeheart Palace (湖心宫) is a serene and picturesque location built on a small island in the middle of a lake. The surrounding environment and the view of the lake create an unforgettable scene.

Golden Lincha (金色林卡): A natural area with rich flora and fauna, this section is known for its beautiful wild landscapes and diverse wildlife.

The Dalaï Lama’s New Palace (新宫)

The Daden Mingjiu Poche (达旦明久颇章), built by the 14th Dalai Lama, represents a blend of modern architecture and traditional Tibetan design.

The Guest Hall (会客厅) is where the Dalai Lama used to meet with dignitaries, blending modern and traditional furniture styles.

The Kangsong Sillon (康松思轮)

Originally a small wooden pavilion, it was later modified to become a theater for the Dalai Lama to watch performances. Its structure is a significant example of Tibetan architectural adaptation.

Cultural Relics and Artifacts

Norbulingka Palace (罗布林卡) is home to a wealth of valuable cultural relics, primarily divided into two categories: religious artifacts made locally in Tibet and various precious gifts bestowed upon Tibetan nobility by successive Chinese dynasties. Both types of relics are intricately crafted and showcase the rich artistry of Tibetan craftsmanship.

Religious Artifacts: Buddha Statues and Stupas

The Tibetan-made religious artifacts are most famous for their gilded copper statues. When the construction of Norbulingka Palace (罗布林卡) began, the Seventh Dalai Lama (第七世达赖) commissioned a statue-making workshop called Xuedui Bai (雪堆白) at the foot of the Potala Palace (布达拉宫). This workshop brought together hundreds of skilled artisans to craft various Buddha statues and religious items to satisfy the needs of temples in Lhasa and surrounding areas.

Over time, the artisans of Xuedui Bai (雪堆白) were tasked with creating Buddha statues and religious objects for each temple within the palace. These statues are characterized by fine craftsmanship, harmonious proportions, and vibrant colors. The statues were often adorned with gold leaf and inlaid with turquoise for their crowns, earrings, bracelets, and sashes.

These distinctive features mark the mature stage of Tibet’s indigenous statue-making techniques by the mid-18th century, and Norbulingka (罗布林卡) holds numerous examples of these highly regarded works.

Notable Buddha Statues in Norbulingka

Eleven-Faced, Thousand-Handed Avalokiteshvara (观音像): Copper gilded, 78 cm tall, 17th-18th century.

Green Tara Statue (绿度母立像): Copper gilded, 74.8 cm tall, 18th century.

Great Vajra (大威德怖畏金刚像): Alloy, 28 cm tall, 18th-19th century.

Relic Stupa (舍利塔): Silver gilded, 19.7 cm tall, 18th century. Contains the relics of Shakyamuni Buddha’s tooth.

Thangkas

In addition to statues, Norbulingka (罗布林卡) houses an extensive collection of Thangkas (唐卡), traditional Tibetan scroll paintings. These paintings primarily belong to three major Tibetan painting schools: the Mian Tang (勉唐), Qin Ze (钦则), and Ga Chi (嘎赤) schools. The collection features works from the 18th to the 20th centuries, depicting religious stories, figures, and historical events.

One notable Thangka depicts Jue Zhong (觉仲), a legendary Indian scholar, teaching his disciple Zhong Dunba (仲敦巴). This Thangka, painted in the 13th century, is a rare and precious example of the “Red Tang” style and highlights the relationship between the Indian teacher and his Tibetan student.

Another significant piece is the 84 Great Accomplishments Thangka from the Ga Chi (嘎赤) school, depicting 84 great Indian saints in a humorous and exaggerated style.

Medical Thangkas

Norbulingka also houses a set of Thangkas representing the Tibetan medical tradition. Known as Man Tang (曼唐), these series of 80 Thangkas were created during the reign of the Fifth Dalai Lama (五世达赖喇嘛). These paintings provide a colorful, step-by-step depiction of Tibetan medical theory, human anatomy, diagnosis, treatment, and dietary practices, all important aspects of Tibetan medicine.

Wall Paintings

Norbulingka’s (罗布林卡) wall paintings, especially those in the New Palace (新宫), are a major highlight. The New Palace is one of the most renowned structures in Norbulingka (罗布林卡), featuring intricate and vivid murals.

In the New Palace‘s northern hall, a series of murals depict Shakyamuni Buddha (释迦牟尼) under the Bodhi tree with his eight disciples, rendered with great detail and lifelike expressions. These murals are revered for their fine portrayal of Buddhist figures, with Shakyamuni’s serene and peaceful expression at the center.

The second floor of the New Palace also contains a series of murals illustrating the history of Tibet, from the origin of the Tibetan people, the rise and fall of the Tibetan Empire, to the establishment of the Gelug (格鲁) sect and the biography of the First Dalai Lama (一世达赖). These murals are invaluable for the study of Tibetan history and its interactions with the Han Chinese, containing 301 scenes full of vibrant colors and unique ethnic styles.

Gifts from the Emperor

Norbulingka (罗布林卡), due to its special status, has not only accumulated local Tibetan artifacts but also received numerous gifts from the Ming (明) and Qing (清) emperors. These royal gifts include Buddhist statues, porcelain, and various precious items.

Ming Dynasty Gifts

Ming Hongwu Period (1386-1398): A rare glaze red Peony-Patterned Ewer (釉里红牡丹纹执壶), 37 cm tall. This porcelain piece is particularly rare due to the difficulty of producing red-glazed ceramics and the low survival rate of such pieces. It is one of the few that has been preserved for over 600 years in Tibet.

Ming Xuande Period (1426-1435): A Blue-and-White Lotus-Patterned Monk’s Hat Ewer (青花缠枝莲纹僧帽壶), 23 cm tall. The ewer is decorated with blue flowers and a Tibetan inscription, and it features elements of Tibetan culture, indicating it was specifically made by the Imperial Court to be given to Tibet’s nobility.

Qing Dynasty Gifts

During the Qing Dynasty, Tibet received even more royal gifts, including porcelain, statues, and ornamental items. Notable pieces include:

Enamel-Color Tripod Incense Burner (珐琅彩三足香炉), 38 cm tall, made during the Qianlong period (乾隆年间). This piece is highly regarded for its exquisite enamel work and symbolic significance of peace and prosperity.

Famous Redwood and Jade Ruyi (红木嵌玉如意), Jade and Agate Snuff Bottles (翡翠玛瑙鼻烟壶), and Lacquered Fruit Boxes (华丽雕漆果盒), all high-quality items presented to Tibet’s elite by the Emperor.

Historical and Cultural Significance

Norbulingka Palace (罗布林卡) is a prominent cultural landmark in Lhasa, Tibet, that holds both historical and religious significance. The palace is renowned not only for its architectural beauty but also for its rich cultural activities, especially during important festivals like the Shoton Festival (雪顿节).

Shoton Festival (雪顿节)

The Shoton Festival is one of the most significant and lively festivals in Tibet, and Norbulingka (罗布林卡) serves as the heart of the celebrations in Lhasa. Held annually from the 1st to the 7th day of the 7th month in the Tibetan lunar calendar, the festival attracts famous Tibetan opera troupes from across the region.

During the Shoton Festival, the grounds of Norbulingka (罗布林卡) are transformed into a vibrant “tent city” overnight. Tibetan families, along with their elderly and children, set up temporary homes in tents, creating a colorful and lively atmosphere. The area also becomes home to various street markets filled with festival goods, where people bring their entire Lhasa communities into this beautiful green space. It is truly one of the most energetic and joyous times for the people of Lhasa.

Activities During Shoton Festival

Tibetan Opera: The main event of the Shoton Festival is the Tibetan opera performances, which are staged throughout the festival. These performances, starting in the morning and lasting until 5 PM, are highly popular, and each day offers different performances. This makes it one of the most diverse and spectacular Tibetan opera events of the year.

Cultural Celebrations: The festival also features other fun activities such as hoop throwing, archery, pony rides, and more. The entire festival atmosphere is rich with the sounds of laughter, music, and dance.

Food and Festivities: During the festival, families and friends gather in the tents, sharing traditional foods such as barley wine (青稞酒), butter tea (酥油茶), and Tibetan pastries (藏式点心), while enjoying lively discussions, chess, cards, singing, and dancing.

Tibetan Opera (藏戏)

Tibetan opera is an integral part of the Shoton Festival and takes center stage at Norbulingka (罗布林卡). Visitors can enjoy performances that span the entire day, with multiple troupes performing stories based on Tibetan legends, Buddhist teachings, and historical events. The performances are an important cultural showcase and offer a unique opportunity to experience Tibet’s artistic heritage.

Cuisine in Lhasa

While traditional Tibetan food is widely available, Lhasa also offers various Western-style restaurants, particularly around Beijing Road (北京路), which is frequented by tourists. The Snowy Plateau Hotel (雪域旅馆) is a popular spot offering Tibetan cuisine with a nostalgic atmosphere. While the food is generally delicious, one notable dish is the yak steak (耗牛牛排), which can be quite tough but remains a unique culinary experience.

Preservation Efforts

In recognition of its historical and cultural significance, Norbulingka (罗布林卡) was designated as a major historical and cultural heritage site by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China on January 13, 1988. It was included as part of the third batch of national key cultural relics protection units. This status ensures that the palace and its surrounding gardens are preserved for future generations, maintaining their cultural value for both the Tibetan people and the global community.

Visitor Information

Location

Norbulingka (罗布林卡) is located in the western outskirts of Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region (西藏自治区拉萨市).

Accessibility

The palace is easily accessible from central Lhasa, and during the Shoton Festival, it becomes the focal point of the city’s cultural activities. Visitors can explore the palace’s beautiful gardens, experience the vibrant festivals, and immerse themselves in Tibetan traditions.

Opening Hours

Open Daily: 9:00 AM – 6:00 PM (hours may vary during special events)

Admission

Ticket Prices: Available upon request, with discounts for students and groups.

Norbulingka (罗布林卡) is not just a palace but a living cultural space that reflects the traditions, art, and spirit of Tibet. Whether visiting during the lively Shoton Festival or exploring its gardens and palaces at any time of year, Norbulingka (罗布林卡) offers a rich and immersive experience into Tibetan culture and history.