What is a Motorcycle?

What is a Motorcycle?

A motorcycle is a two-wheeled or three-wheeled vehicle powered by either a gasoline engine or an electric motor. It is steered by handlebars that control the front wheel. Motorcycles are known for their agility, speed, and versatility, and are widely used for various purposes such as patrolling, passenger and cargo transport, and as sports equipment. They are classified as motor vehicles under Chinese regulations.

Types of Motorcycles

According to the “Motor Vehicle Driving License Application and Use Regulations” (Public Security Bureau Order No. 172), motorcycles are classified into the following categories:

Regular Three-Wheeled Motorcycles (D license)

Regular Two-Wheeled Motorcycles (E license)

Lightweight Motorcycles (F license), which include both two-wheeled and three-wheeled types.

Major Motorcycle Categories:

Street Bikes

Road Racing Motorcycles

Off-Road Motorcycles

Cruiser Motorcycles

Touring Motorcycles

Basic Concepts

A motorcycle is a two-wheeled or three-wheeled internal combustion engine vehicle, designed for one or two riders. It is a fast and flexible mode of transportation and is used in military and sports competitions. There are two types of motorcycles: two-wheeled and three-wheeled.

Power Knowledge

Horsepower (hp)

The concept of horsepower was first introduced by the French and Germans. They determined horsepower based on a smaller breed of horse, so an engine rated at 50 horsepower does not necessarily have the same power as 50 horses pulling a motorcycle. In fact, it would be more accurate to think of it as 35 horses.

The abbreviation “ps” (which stands for Pferdestärke, the German word for horsepower) is still used today.

What is 1 Horsepower?

One horsepower is the ability to lift a 75 kg object 1 meter high in 1 second. For example, an engine with a specification of 70 ps at 8000 rpm indicates that the engine produces 70 horsepower at 8000 revolutions per minute (rpm).

Torque

Torque, also known as turning force, is the force that causes rotation in an axle. The common unit of torque is kilogram-meter (kg-m), while the international unit is Newton-meter (Nm).

Understanding Torque:

For example, if you use a screwdriver or wrench to tighten a screw, and the length of the tool is 1 meter, applying 1 kg of force at the end will create 1 kg-m of torque. If the length is reduced to 0.5 meters, 2 kg of force must be applied to achieve the same 1 kg-m of torque.

Engine Displacement

Displacement refers to the total volume of the engine’s cylinders. It is calculated by multiplying the cross-sectional area of the cylinder, the stroke length, and the number of cylinders.

Example Calculation (Honda CBR600RR Engine):

Bore (Cylinder Diameter): 67.0 mm

Stroke: 42.5 mm

Displacement Calculation:

Cross-sectional Area: 3.35 cm × 3.35 cm × 3.1416 = 35.25 cm²
Stroke Length: 4.25 cm
Number of Cylinders: 4

Total Displacement = 35.25 cm² × 4.25 cm × 4 = 599 cc

Four-Stroke Engine

The four-stroke engine has a wide range of applications. In a four-stroke engine, the piston completes four strokes (up and down movements) for each ignition. The working principle is as follows:

Intake: The intake valve opens, and the piston moves down. The mixture of air and fuel is drawn into the cylinder.

Compression: Both the intake and exhaust valves close, and the piston moves up, compressing the mixture.

Combustion: When the mixture is compressed to its smallest volume, the spark plug ignites it. The pressure from combustion pushes the piston down and turns the crankshaft.

Exhaust: When the piston reaches the bottom of its stroke, the exhaust valve opens, and exhaust gases are expelled. The piston continues to move up, pushing the remaining exhaust gases out.

Two-Stroke Engine

A two-stroke engine, as the name suggests, completes two strokes of the piston for every ignition. The intake and exhaust processes are quite different from those of a four-stroke engine. In a two-stroke engine, the air-fuel mixture first flows into the crankcase before entering the combustion chamber, while in a four-stroke engine, the mixture enters the cylinder directly.

Two-Stroke Engine Working Process:

The piston moves upward, allowing the air-fuel mixture to flow into the crankcase.

As the piston moves downward, it compresses the mixture into the combustion chamber.

When the piston reaches its lowest point, the spark plug ignites the compressed mixture.

The combustion pressure pushes the piston down. Once the piston moves down far enough, the exhaust valve opens, expelling the exhaust gases. Then the intake valve opens, and the fresh mixture enters the cylinder, pushing out the remaining exhaust gases.

Comparison: Two-Stroke vs Four-Stroke

Power: A two-stroke engine produces more power because it burns fuel more frequently compared to a four-stroke engine.

Weight: Two-stroke engines are lighter than four-stroke engines of the same displacement, making them favorable for racing.

Fuel Efficiency: Four-stroke engines are more fuel-efficient as they do not burn oil, unlike two-stroke engines which burn oil as part of the fuel mixture.

Due to simultaneous intake and exhaust, two-stroke engines are less efficient at low speeds, often wasting part of the fresh mixture through the exhaust. Newer two-stroke engines include modifications such as YAMAHA’s YPVS, HONDA’s ATAC, and SUZUKI’s SAEC to mitigate these issues.

Types of Motorcycles

Motorcycles are categorized differently depending on the country. International standards (ISO 3833-1977) classify motorcycles into two categories based on speed and weight: dual-purpose motorcycles and motorcycles. In China, motorcycles are generally classified by engine displacement and top speed:

Lightweight Motorcycles: Engines with a displacement of 50cc or less, and a top speed of no more than 50 km/h.

Motorcycles: Engines with a displacement greater than 50cc, and a top speed greater than 50 km/h.

Another classification divides motorcycles by the number and arrangement of wheels: two-wheeled motorcycles, sidecars, and three-wheeled motorcycles.

Types Based on Use

Urban Transport: Micro motorcycles or lightweight motorcycles with a top speed of no more than 50 km/h are ideal for short-distance urban commuting.

Commuting Between Cities: Motorcycles with a displacement of 125-250cc are suitable for longer distances and can accommodate two passengers.

Off-Road: Off-road motorcycles are preferred for rough roads and competitive racing.

Sports Motorcycles

Sports motorcycles, also known as racing bikes, are designed for leisure and performance. They are built for speed, agility, and to provide a thrilling riding experience. These motorcycles are versatile, and some types, like super-sport motorcycles and touring motorcycles, are classified as sports bikes as well.

Road Motorcycles

Road motorcycles are primarily designed for paved roads. They are commonly divided into three categories:

Super-sport Motorcycles: These motorcycles focus on high-speed performance.

Touring Motorcycles: Built for long-distance travel, with comfort and storage features.

American Motorcycles: A specific style popular in the U.S., typically focusing on comfort and style.

These motorcycles perform best on smooth, paved roads but may encounter difficulties on rough or unpaved terrain. In contrast, off-road motorcycles are designed for such conditions and are categorized into touring off-road and urban off-road motorcycles.

Super Motorcycles

Unlike regular motorcycles, which emphasize comfort and ease of handling, super-sport motorcycles focus on high-speed performance. These bikes allow riders to experience the thrill of acceleration and handling at high speeds. While they share some elements with racing motorcycles, super-sport motorcycles aim to deliver a dynamic riding experience rather than just focusing on maximum speed.

otorcycle Maintenance Tips

Important Considerations

Avoid Car Wash Shops: It’s generally not recommended to take your motorcycle to a car wash or have someone else wash it. While car wash shops may appear well-equipped, they often prioritize speed over quality, which can lead to malfunctioning components such as spark plugs and electrical systems.

Cool Down Before Washing: Never wash your motorcycle immediately after a ride. Sudden exposure to cold water can cause thermal shock to components like the engine and exhaust pipe, potentially damaging seals and causing oil leakage.

Sensitive Areas to Avoid Water Exposure: Be cautious when washing parts such as the headlights, handle grips, ignition switch, exhaust pipe, horn, spark plugs, air filter, and battery. These areas contain electrical circuits that can short-circuit or leak, leading to issues such as dim lights, a malfunctioning horn, difficulty starting, or poor engine performance. Wipe these parts down with a cloth instead.

Clean Engine Components: After washing, be sure to clean the lower parts of the engine and the radiator. A toothbrush and dish soap work well for detailed cleaning, and it also helps detect any oil leakage.

Dry the Motorcycle Thoroughly: After washing, use a dry cloth to wipe down all parts, especially the ignition switch, instruments, handle grips, spark plugs, and fuel cap. Remove the spark plug cap and shake out any water inside to prevent ignition issues.

Start the Engine After Cleaning: After wiping down the motorcycle, start the engine and let it idle for 5-10 minutes with the side stand. This helps expel any remaining water in the exhaust pipe. Then, ride the motorcycle at medium speed for a few minutes or allow it to dry in a shaded area. Avoid direct sunlight, as it may cause damage to certain components.

Post-Rain Care: After riding in the rain, clean the motorcycle, especially the exhaust pipe. Rainwater contains acids that can cause rusting and corrosion. Regularly cleaning the bike after rain helps maintain its longevity.

Waxing and Lubricating: After cleaning, spray wax on the motorcycle’s exterior and polish it evenly with fine sandpaper. Don’t forget to lubricate the chain to ensure smooth operation.

Common Motorcycle Issues

Exhaust Pipe Producing Blue Smoke

Issue: Blue smoke from the exhaust during engine operation, coupled with rapid oil consumption.

Possible Causes:

Excessive Oil Level: The oil level may be too high, causing oil to seep into the combustion chamber.

Low Cylinder Compression Pressure: The cylinder may not be compressing the air-fuel mixture adequately.

Piston Wear or Increased Gap Between Piston and Cylinder: Wear on the piston or cylinder can allow oil to pass into the combustion chamber.

Solution:

Check Oil Level: Ensure the oil level is correct, and allow the engine to cool for at least 10 minutes before checking. If the oil level is too high, drain the excess oil.

Inspect Cylinder Compression: For older engines, check the cylinder compression and inspect the piston and piston rings for wear. If compression is below the specified value, consider cleaning or replacing the piston rings.

Rebore the Cylinder: If the cylinder is severely worn, rebore the cylinder and replace the piston to restore normal function.

Exhaust Pipe Producing Black Smoke

Issue: Black smoke from the exhaust, often accompanied by a strong gasoline smell, especially during acceleration.

Possible Causes:

Rich Air-Fuel Mixture: Too much fuel in the mixture.

Faulty Spark Plug: The spark plug may not be working properly.

Late Ignition Timing: The ignition may occur too late.

Solution:

Check Air-Fuel Mixture: Ensure that the carburetor’s choke mechanism is functioning correctly and not stuck. Check the fuel level in the float chamber and make sure the float isn’t leaking. Also, inspect the fuel filter for blockages.

Inspect Spark Plug: Remove and inspect the spark plug for proper spark. If the spark is weak or irregular, replace the spark plug.

Adjust Ignition Timing: If there are popping or backfiring sounds from the exhaust, it could indicate that the ignition timing is too late. Correct this issue by adjusting the ignition system.

Exhaust Pipe Producing White Smoke

Issue: White smoke from the exhaust during engine operation.

Possible Causes:

Water in the Fuel: The fuel may contain water.

Water in the Cylinder or Silencer: Water may have entered the cylinder or exhaust system.

Solution:

Check Fuel Quality: If the white smoke persists, replace the fuel with higher quality fuel. If the white smoke only occurs during startup and dissipates once the engine warms up, this is normal and not a cause for concern.

Lack of Power

Issue: The motorcycle exhibits reduced power and sluggish performance.

Possible Causes:

Worn Piston Rings: Piston rings may have lost their seal.

Valve Leakage: The engine valves may not be sealing properly.

Carburetor Blockage: The carburetor may be clogged with dirt or debris.

Solution:

Replace Piston Rings: If the piston rings are old or worn, replace them.

Check Valve Sealing: Inspect and replace any worn or leaking valves.

Clean the Carburetor: Clean or replace the carburetor to ensure proper fuel intake and engine performance.

Famous Motorcycle Brands

Domestic Brands

Jialing Motor (嘉陵摩托)

Jialing motorcycles and their engines range from 50cc to 600cc, with over 10 different models and hundreds of variations. The brand has sold over 13 million units, making it the largest-selling motorcycle brand in China. Jialing began exporting motorcycles in 1981 and has since expanded to over 70 countries and regions. Jialing-Honda Engine Co., a joint venture with Japan, has the capacity to produce 300,000 gasoline engines annually. In 2011, Jialing’s brand value was estimated at 10.477 billion CNY.

Qianjiang Motor (钱江摩托)

Qianjiang is one of the largest motorcycle manufacturers in China, known for producing high-quality and reliable motorcycles for domestic and international markets.

Haojue Motor (豪爵摩托)

Haojue is part of the Dachangjiang Group, the largest motorcycle production and sales enterprise in China. It is the biggest partner of Japan’s Suzuki Corporation in China, and its motorcycles are popular in over 70 countries. Haojue was the best-selling brand in China from 2003 to 2010. In 2010, Haojue’s brand value was 11.076 billion CNY.

Japanese Brands

HONDA (本田)

Honda is a global leader in the motorcycle industry and the dominant force in Japan. Known for its financial strength, Honda has successfully navigated competition and crisis, securing its place at the forefront of both racing and civilian markets.

Commentary: Experienced + Mature

YAMAHA (雅马哈)

Yamaha, often seen as the “eternal number two,” is renowned for its creative spirit, energy, and passion for innovation. Yamaha frequently challenges larger competitors, holding its own in the face of industry giants.

Commentary: Rebellious + Passionate

SUZUKI (铃木)

Suzuki is known for its balanced approach and reliability, maintaining a distinct style in the motorcycle industry. Its iconic GSXR series has been a benchmark for excellence, allowing Suzuki to dominate in certain motorcycle categories.

Commentary: Balanced Approach

KAWASAKI (川崎)

Kawasaki, a giant in the motorcycle industry, is renowned for its heavy-duty motorcycles. While it exited the small-displacement competition, it remains the leader in the heavyweight segment, consistently making a splash with models like the 12R, ZZR1400, and VN2000.

Commentary: King of Heavy Bikes

Top 10 Motorcycle Brands of 2011

Honda Motor (本田摩托) – One of the world’s largest motorcycle manufacturers and part of the globally recognized Honda Motor Co., Ltd.

Yamaha (雅马哈) – A leading brand known for its quality and innovation in the motorcycle industry.

Qianjiang Motor (钱江摩托) – A top domestic Chinese brand, renowned for its high-quality motorcycles and market leadership.

Haojue Motor (豪爵摩托) – A key player in the Asian market and a leading brand in China.

Zongshen Motor (宗申摩托) – A famous Chinese brand, known for its strong market presence and leadership in China’s motorcycle industry.

BMW Motor (宝马摩托) – A prestigious German brand, founded in 1916, known for its luxury motorcycles and innovation.

Qingqi Suzuki (轻骑铃木) – A Sino-Japanese joint venture known for modern manufacturing and high-quality motorcycles.

Jialing Motor (嘉陵摩托) – One of China’s top brands with a long history of excellence in the motorcycle industry.

Dayang Motor (大阳摩托) – A reputable Chinese brand with international recognition and a strong market presence.

Lifan Motor (力帆摩托) – A major Chinese brand, recognized for its strong domestic and international market presence.

Common Types of Motorcycles

Scooters (速克达)

In Taiwan, scooters are the most commonly used type of motorcycle. They are characterized by a flat footboard and a plastic shell that covers the engine and components. Scooters evolved from being a mere transportation tool to a more personalized vehicle, and now feature designs catering to both style-conscious individuals and women.

Off-road Motorcycles (越野车)

Off-road motorcycles, also known as dirt bikes, are favorites among nature lovers. These bikes are built to navigate rugged mountain roads and uneven terrain. They typically have a compact body, long suspension travel, and specialized tires. Recently, the appearance of off-road motorcycles has been influenced by competition models like MX and Trail bikes.

Street Bikes (街车)

The Honda CB series is a classic example of street bikes. Street bikes are known for their upright seating position, making them practical for daily use. While they may have larger engines, they still do not have the same performance level as sport bikes.

Chopper Motorcycles (嬉皮车)

The most iconic example of a chopper motorcycle is the Harley Davidson. These bikes are distinguished by high handlebars, extended front forks, and low seats. They symbolize the free-spirited style of the 1960s, and in recent years, Japanese manufacturers have introduced similar models inspired by Harley’s design.

Sport Bikes (跑车)

Sport bikes, with their aerodynamic designs inspired by GP racing, are beloved by many young motorcycle enthusiasts. These bikes typically feature engines with 2 to 4 cylinders and a displacement of over 400cc. Their lightweight design, high-revving engines, and short wheelbases allow for speeds of up to 200 km/h on the highway. Sport bikes are also used in road racing events.

Touring Bikes (休旅车)

Touring bikes are popular among riders in Europe and the US who embark on long-distance travel. These motorcycles prioritize comfort, with features such as ample storage space. Some riders in Taiwan also favor touring bikes for long road trips.

Dual-sport Motorcycles (道路越野车)

Dual-sport motorcycles combine the features of off-road and street bikes. They have higher ground clearance and longer suspension travel, which makes them more versatile than standard street bikes. While they offer the off-road capability of dirt bikes, they are not as specialized as true off-road motorcycles.

Commercial Motorcycles (商用车)

In addition to personal transportation, motorcycles are used for goods delivery in many parts of Asia. These motorcycles emphasize easy maintenance, fuel efficiency, and durability. In Taiwan, vehicles like Chuanlang and Aijiang are becoming more personalized and modified by riders.

Mini Motorcycles (迷你摩托车)

Mini motorcycles, often referred to as “adult toy motorcycles,” are small in size and engine displacement. These bikes have become one of the most popular recreational products in the 21st century. For motorcycle enthusiasts, mini motorcycles can also serve as collectible items or unique decorative pieces. Despite their compact size, they offer similar functionality to larger motorcycles, such as the ability to travel up to 80 km on a single liter of fuel, with speeds exceeding 60 km/h.

Mini motorcycles are popular with young people due to their stylish designs, ease of use, and relatively affordable prices. These bikes are available in both gasoline-powered and electric versions. They are often sold as toys or novelty items with enticing names like “Super Warrior Racer” or “Mini Moto.”

Mini motorcycles are mainly categorized into two types: two-stroke and four-stroke mini bikes. Two-stroke mini motorcycles tend to be smaller, with a typical length of around 1 meter and a height of about 50 cm. They are generally started with a manual pull, but higher-end models may feature electric start. Four-stroke mini bikes are larger, with lengths ranging from 160 to 210 cm, and heights not exceeding 1 meter. They run directly on gasoline and offer a more powerful engine.

Motorcycle Regulations

Passenger Regulations

According to the Motor Vehicle Operation Safety Technical Conditions (GB7258-2017), the following regulations apply to motorcycles:

Two-Wheeled Motorcycles and Tricycles with Two Front Wheels

For two-wheeled motorcycles and tricycles with two front wheels and one rear wheel, in addition to the driver, only one passenger is allowed if there is a fixed seat for them.

Sidecar Motorcycles

For sidecar motorcycles, in addition to the driver, each seat in the main vehicle and the sidecar with a fixed seat can carry one passenger.

Tricycles with a Driver’s Cabin

In tricycles with a driver’s cabin, only the driver is allowed to sit. If the cabin is equipped with fixed seats arranged longitudinally (in the direction of travel), with a seat depth of at least 400mm and a distance between the driver’s seat and the passenger seat of at least 650mm, then one passenger is allowed for every 400mm of seat width, up to a maximum of two passengers. If these conditions are not met, no passengers are allowed.

Light Motorcycles

Light motorcycles are only allowed to carry the driver.

Additional Restrictions

According to the Road Traffic Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China, articles 55 and 83, children under 12 years old are not allowed to sit on the back of a motorcycle. Light motorcycles cannot carry passengers.

Motorcycles are not allowed to carry passengers while driving on highways.

Motorcycle License Regulations

D License (D驾驶证)

License Type: D

Age Requirement: 18-70 years old

Permitted Vehicles: Allows the driver to operate motorcycles classified under E and F licenses.

Annual Physical Exam: Not required for individuals under 60 years of age.

Vehicle Requirements for Exam: A regular three-wheeled motorcycle with at least four speed gears.

E License (E驾驶证)

License Type: E

Age Requirement: 18-70 years old

Permitted Vehicles: Allows the driver to operate regular two-wheeled motorcycles with engine displacement over 50cc or a top speed greater than 50km/h.

Annual Physical Exam: Not required for individuals under 60 years of age.

Vehicle Requirements for Exam: A regular two-wheeled motorcycle with at least four speed gears.