Humble Administrator’s Garden (Zhuozheng Yuan) in Suzhou
The Humble Administrator’s Garden (拙政园) is located at 178 Northeast Street, Gusu District, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province (江苏省苏州市姑苏区东北街178号). Spanning an area of 78 acres (52,000 square meters), this garden is one of the Four Famous Gardens of China (中国四大名园), alongside the Summer Palace (颐和园) in Beijing, the Chengde Mountain Resort (承德避暑山庄), and Liu Garden (留园) in Suzhou.
The garden was initially constructed in 1509, during the Ming Dynasty (明朝), by the scholar and official Wang Xianchen (王献臣), a graduate of the Ming Zhengde Period (正德四年). Wang Xianchen, after failing in his government career, returned to his hometown and developed the garden. He invited the famous painter and representative of the Wu School of Painting (吴门画派), Wen Zhengming (文征明), to help design the layout, and it took 16 years to complete. Throughout its history, the garden changed owners multiple times, went through periods of rise and fall, and was even taken over by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (太平天国) from 1860 to 1863.
In 1951, it was renovated and later became a protected heritage site.
Garden Layout and Features
The Humble Administrator’s Garden (拙政园) is divided into four main sections: East, Central, West, and Residential.
Eastern Section
The Eastern Section is bright and open, with a focus on distant mountains, pine forests, grassy meadows, and bamboo groves with winding streams. Notable features of this area include:
Lanxue Hall (兰雪堂)
Zhuiyun Peak (缀云峰)
Furong Pavilion (芙蓉榭)
Tianquan Pavilion (天泉亭)
Shuxiang Hall (秫香馆)
Central Section
The Central Section is the core of the garden, with its large water features that cover about one-third of the area. The buildings here are arranged around the water, with a harmonious balance of heights and sizes. Prominent sites include:
Yuanxiang Hall (远香堂)
Xiangzhou (香洲)
He Feng Sides Pavilion (荷风四面亭)
Jianshan Tower (见山楼)
Xiaofei Hong (小飞虹)
Loquat Garden (枇杷园)
Western Section
The Western Section is located closer to the residential area and features the Thirty-six Mandarin Duck Pavilion (卅六鸳鸯馆), which is known for its winding corridors, beautiful reflections in the water, and elegant architectural decorations. Key spots in this area include:
Thirty-six Mandarin Duck Pavilion (卅六鸳鸯馆)
Reflection Pavilion (倒影楼)
Who Shall Sit Together Pavilion (与谁同坐轩)
Water Corridor (水廊)
Historical Significance
In 1961, the Humble Administrator’s Garden (拙政园) was listed as a National Key Cultural Relic Protection Unit by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国国务院). In 1997, it was recognized by UNESCO and added to the World Heritage List, along with other famous gardens such as Liuyuan Garden (留园), Wangshi Garden (网师园), and Huanxiu Mountain Villa (环秀山庄). In 2007, the Suzhou Gardens (苏州园林), including the Humble Administrator’s Garden, Liuyuan Garden, and Tiger Hill (虎丘), were rated as a National AAAAA Tourist Attraction (国家AAAAA级旅游景区).
Historical Evolution
The area now occupied by the Humble Administrator’s Garden (拙政园) was historically significant, beginning from the Three Kingdoms period (三国), where it was the residence of Lu Ji (陆绩), the governor of Yulin in the Kingdom of Wu. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty (东晋), the site was home to Dai Yi (戴颐), a high-ranking scholar, and later became the residence of the famous poet Lu Guimeng (陆龟蒙) in the late Tang Dynasty. His residence was described as being secluded and serene, “not leaving the city, yet as quiet as a rural villa.”
In the Northern Song Dynasty (北宋), a residence called Wuliu Hall (五柳堂) was built by Hu Ji (胡稷), and his son Yi (峄) later named it Ru Village (如村), quoting Du Fu’s (杜甫) lines “The house is like a deserted village” to describe its simplicity.
Yuan Dynasty Period (元朝)
During the Yuan Dynasty (元朝), a temple was established in the area around 1297-1307. In 1314-1320, the Dahong Temple (大弘寺) was granted imperial permission. By the end of the Yuan period, the temple was destroyed, and only the East Studio (东斋) remained.
In 1356, the Zhang Shicheng (张士诚) regime took control of Suzhou, and the garden was part of the estate of his son-in-law, Pan Yuanshao (潘元绍).
In the Ming Dynasty (明朝), the garden was expanded and turned into a magnificent park with a sprawling layout featuring ponds, flower beds, bamboo groves, and fruit orchards. By the end of the dynasty, the garden had grown to more than 200 acres, with various scenic spots, including halls, pavilions, and terraces. It was renowned as one of the finest gardens in the region.
Ming Dynasty Period (明朝)
In 1533, Wen Zhengming (文征明), a renowned Ming dynasty painter, created thirty-one paintings of the garden, each accompanied by poems. These paintings, combined with his writing of the Wang Family’s Humble Administrator’s Garden (王氏拙政园记), solidified the garden’s fame. However, after Wang Xianchen (王献臣)’s death, the garden was lost through gambling by his son. It was later sold and fell into disrepair.
During the Qing Dynasty (清朝), several important figures took ownership of the garden. In 1631, the garden was partially bought by Wang Xin Yi (王心一), who greatly expanded it and gave it the name “Return to the Countryside Residence” (归田园居), incorporating famous spots such as Shuxiang Pavilion (秫香楼), Furong Pavilion (芙蓉榭), and Lanxue Hall (兰雪堂).
In 1653, the garden changed hands again when Qian Qian Yi (钱谦益) turned it into a retreat for famed scholars and artists. It was further expanded during Emperor Kangxi’s reign (康熙), and in 1679, the garden was renovated again to add a deeper level of elegance.
Qing Dynasty Period (清朝)
By the mid-Qing period, the garden had gone through multiple ownership changes and significant renovations, transforming the once serene and classical garden into a lavish, grandiose space. Notably, Wang Yongning (王永宁), who had come into possession of the garden, made extensive alterations that greatly changed the original landscape.
During the Taiping Rebellion (太平天国), the garden was converted into the Zhong Wang Fu (忠王府), the residence of Li Xiucheng (李秀成), who governed the area. Afterward, it was returned to government use.
In 1863, the garden became the residence of the Qing Dynasty officials, and later, after Emperor Guangxu’s (光绪帝) rule, it was fully restored.
Geographical Location
The Humble Administrator’s Garden (拙政园, Zhuozheng Yuan) is located at 178 Northeast Street (东北街178号), in the Gusu District (姑苏区), Suzhou (苏州), Jiangsu Province (江苏省), China. It is recognized as one of the Four Great Classical Gardens of China and holds a prominent place in global garden architecture.
Plant Resources
The garden features a rich variety of aquatic plants, including Zucra (菹草), Bittergrass (苦草), Water Shield (水盾草), Black Algae (黑藻), and Goldfish Algae (金鱼藻). To maintain the ecosystem, fish populations, such as Carp (鲫鱼) and Black Fish (黑鱼), are controlled annually, while species like Chinese Snails (中华圆田螺), River Mussels (河蚌), and Shrimps (匙指虾) are introduced to help purify the water. This biological diversity supports a vibrant underwater ecosystem throughout the year.
Garden Layout
The Humble Administrator’s Garden covers an area of 78 acres (52,000 square meters), divided into three main sections: Eastern Garden, Central Garden, and Western Garden. The Southern Residential Area houses the Suzhou Garden Museum (苏州园林博物馆). The layout of the garden is centered around water, with the water area occupying about one-fifth of the total space. Numerous pavilions, halls, and terraces are built near or on the water, integrating architecture with the surrounding landscape. Key buildings include Chengguan Lou (澄观楼), Fucui Pavilion (浮翠阁), Linglong Pavilion (玲珑馆), and The Mandala Flower Pavilion (十八曼陀罗花馆).
Central Garden
The Central Garden is the heart of the Humble Administrator’s Garden, covering about 18.5 acres. Its layout is centered around a large pond, with pavilions and halls built along the water’s edge. Some of these structures extend into the water, typical of the Jiangnan Water Town (江南水乡) architectural style. The pond is surrounded by lush trees and the landscape is arranged naturally, with buildings placed in a way that highlights the beauty of water and plants.
The main building of the Central Garden is the Yuanchang Hall (远香堂), located on the southern shore of the pond. It faces two small islands in the pond, with lush greenery and winding paths. The view from here changes with the seasons, making it an ideal spot to appreciate the flowers and trees in bloom. Near the hall, there is the Yiyu Pavilion (倚玉轩), and the nearby Xiangzhou (香洲), a boat-shaped pavilion. These pavilions form a unique ensemble, offering multiple perspectives to admire the lotus blossoms that bloom in the pond.
Western Garden
The Western Garden originally known as Biyuan (补园), covers approximately 12.5 acres and features winding watercourses and compact, refined arrangements of pavilions. The design of the Western Garden is more artificial compared to the Central Garden, with influences from the Qianlong Period (乾隆年间), featuring detailed, structured art. However, it still retains the water and stone features typical of classical Suzhou gardens.
The key structure here is the Thirty-Six Mandarin Duck Pavilion (卅六鸳鸯馆), which was originally used by the garden’s owner to entertain guests and listen to music. The pavilion’s pool is shaped like a “right-angle,” and the architectural decorations are intricate and beautiful. The With Whom Shall I Sit Pavilion (与谁同坐轩), designed as a fan-shaped pavilion, is another standout feature. Its unique design allows for reflections from both the Reflection Pavilion (倒影楼) and the Thirty-Six Mandarin Duck Pavilion.
Eastern Garden
The Eastern Garden, originally known as Guitian Yuanju (归田园居), covers about 31 acres and was originally owned by Wang Xinyi (王心一) during the Ming Dynasty (明朝). The Eastern Garden was left in disrepair for a long time, but it was eventually restored. The layout is centered around rolling hills, pine forests, and bamboo groves, with a combination of pavilions and ponds maintaining the airy and clear style of the garden. Key buildings in this area include Lanxue Tang (兰雪堂), Furong Pavilion (芙蓉榭), Tianquan Pavilion (天泉亭), and Zhuiyun Peak (缀云峰), all of which were relocated from other areas.
Poetic and Cultural Significance
The Humble Administrator’s Garden is deeply connected to Chinese culture, especially through the art of Chinese garden poetry. The garden has inspired many poets and scholars, such as Wen Zhengming (文征明), who wrote about the beauty of the garden in his famous works.
One of the inscriptions at the garden reads:
“山增而高，水浚而深，峰岫互回，云天倒映”
Mountains rise higher, waters grow deeper, peaks and valleys intertwine, the clouds and sky reflect.
This line captures the essence of the garden, blending natural beauty with human creativity, making it a symbol of tranquility and refinement.
Restoration and Preservation
Throughout the years, the garden has undergone multiple renovations to preserve its beauty and history. After suffering significant damage during the Taiping Rebellion (太平天国) and subsequent wars, efforts began in the early 20th century to restore the garden to its former glory.
In 1951, the garden was officially designated a cultural heritage site under the management of the Suzhou Cultural Relics Management Committee (苏州文物管理委员会). The first major restoration project was completed in 1952, and the garden was opened to the public. Further restoration work continued throughout the 20th century, bringing the garden back to its unified, harmonious state.
The Suzhou Garden Museum
Adjacent to the Humble Administrator’s Garden is the Suzhou Garden Museum (苏州园林博物馆), which showcases the history and artistic development of classical Suzhou gardens. The museum is divided into four main exhibition halls:
Yuan Yuan (园原): The origins of Suzhou gardens
Yuan Shi (园史): The history of garden construction
Yuan Qu (园趣): The artistic and poetic elements of gardens
Yuan Ye (园冶): The principles and philosophies behind garden design
The museum helps visitors appreciate the centuries-old traditions and cultural significance of the gardens of Suzhou.
Architectural Features
Layout and Design
The layout of the Humble Administrator’s Garden (拙政园, Zhuozheng Yuan) is characterized by its natural balance of open and intimate spaces. Water is the central element, with expansive water surfaces and a tranquil, clear atmosphere. The buildings, pavilions, and halls are arranged around ponds and lakes, often connected by winding corridors and hidden windows. The integration of mountain rocks (山石), ancient trees (古木), bamboo groves (绿竹), and flowers (花卉) creates a serene and peaceful atmosphere, reflecting the Ming Dynasty (明代) garden architectural style.
The garden’s design incorporates various landscapes such as lakes, ponds, and streams, each carefully crafted to evoke the feelings of Chinese landscape poetry (风景诗) and mountain-and-water paintings (山水画), blending poetry with natural scenery. This design captures a harmonious balance between man-made architecture and nature.
As described in “Wang’s Humble Administrator’s Garden Record” (王氏拙政园记) and “Return to the Garden Residence” (归田园居记), the garden’s layout cleverly adapts to its environment: “Many spaces have accumulated water, and after some dredging, surrounded by trees and forest,” creating a landscape that blends water with land. The garden makes use of its natural features—land is shaped into ponds, and any high ground is used for small hills. The design reflects an intelligent use of space, which mirrors a tranquil, almost lake-like (湖泊) quality.
Elegant and Natural Design
The early Humble Administrator’s Garden featured lush trees and misty waters, creating a sense of natural beauty (自然景色). The architectural style was simple and elegant, with only a few buildings like “one hall, one tower, and six pavilions.” Compared to today’s garden, the buildings were sparse, creating a more open and peaceful environment. Bamboo fences (竹篱), thatched pavilions (茅亭), and grass huts (草堂) were seamlessly integrated with the natural landscape. The pond included two islands, and on the peaks around the pond, only a few small pavilions dotted the landscape, making the entire scene spacious, elegant, and natural (天然风光).
Courtyards and Courtyards’ Transformation
The garden’s architectural evolution is evident as it transitioned from single buildings to a more clustered arrangement. In the late Qing Dynasty (清朝), the addition of more pavilions, corridors, and boat-shaped buildings created a more complex spatial design. The transition from isolated structures to grouped spaces introduced a variety of courtyards, each contributing to the twists and turns of the landscape.
For example, Xiao Canglang (小沧浪), originally a small pavilion by the water, became a larger complex with surrounding features such as Xiao Fei Hong (小飞虹), De Zhen Ting (得真亭), Zhi Qing Yi Yuan (志清意远), and others, forming a distinctive water garden with multiple elements. The contrast between these courtyards made the main garden space (主体空间) feel even more open and expansive.
The Garden’s Floral Beauty
Flora (花木) plays a central role in the beauty of Humble Administrator’s Garden, which is particularly famous for its plant life. Over centuries, the garden has maintained a tradition of plant-based landscapes, with a significant portion of the garden’s thirty-one scenic spots (三十一景) inspired by plants. Notable examples include the Peach Blossoms (桃花), with the phrase “Peach trees line the shores, and when in bloom, they look like a sea of red clouds” (夹岸植桃，花时望若红霞); and the Bamboo Stream (竹涧), described as “A thousand bamboos thrive along the stream, creating an especially serene and secluded scene” (夹涐美竹千挺，境特幽回).
Among the iconic plants still featured today are lotus flowers (荷花), mountain tea (山茶), and azaleas (杜鹃), which remain signature flowers of the garden.
Key Scenic Spots
East Garden
Shuxiang Pavilion (秫香馆)
The name Shuxiang refers to the fragrance of rice during the harvest season. The pavilion is located in the eastern section of the garden, surrounded by agricultural fields. In autumn, the fragrance of rice wafts through the air, creating a delightful atmosphere. The pavilion features spacious and bright interiors with long windows adorned with exquisite boxwood carvings (黄杨木雕) depicting 48 finely detailed scenes. The carvings, along with the large windows, enhance the pavilion’s (馆) traditional yet elegant atmosphere.
Hanqing Pavilion (涵青亭)
This pavilion is a fine example of pavilion architecture (园林建筑) in Chinese gardens. Pavilions are small structures with only a roof and no walls, designed to provide a place to rest, enjoy the scenery, or seek shelter from the sun or rain. Hanqing Pavilion is located in a corner of the garden and has a compact space. It is designed to resemble a phoenix (凤凰) with wings spread, adding a dynamic element to the otherwise flat walls. Visitors can relax by the pavilion while enjoying the view of the koi (锦鲤) swimming in the water and the gently swaying lotus flowers (荷莲).
Tianquan Pavilion (天泉亭)
A double-eaved octagonal pavilion (八角亭), Tianquan Pavilion has an elevated roof, creating a grand and stately appearance. The pavilion is surrounded by a corridor and lush greenery. Its name, meaning “Heavenly Spring,” comes from a well inside, believed to be an ancient relic from the Yuan Dynasty (元朝). The water from this well is fresh and sweet, never drying up, making it a cherished feature of the garden.
Furong Pavilion (芙蓉榭)
Pavilions in traditional Chinese gardens are often designed to blend seamlessly with their surroundings. Furong Pavilion is half-built on the bank and half-extending over the water, providing a delicate and picturesque view. It faces a wide pond and is a popular spot for enjoying the lotus flowers in summer.
Zhuiyun Peak (缀云峰) and Lianbi Peak (联璧峰)
Located to the north of Lanxue Hall (兰雪堂), these peaks stand out among the green trees and bamboo. Zhuiyun Peak grows progressively larger as it rises, with the summit appearing like a cloud. Covered in moss and vines, the peak has an ancient and mysterious charm.
Central Garden
Xiangzhou (香洲)
This two-story pavilion, built in the shape of a boat (舫), is an elegant structure that reflects the aspirations of scholars and literati. The pavilion’s reflection in the water enhances its graceful and pure form, embodying the idealized lifestyle of the educated elite.
Xuexiang Yunwei Pavilion (雪香云蔚亭)
Named for the plum blossoms (梅花) that bloom in early spring, this pavilion is perfect for appreciating the plum flowers, which emit a subtle fragrance. It is also called the Winter Pavilion (冬亭).
Wuzhu Youju (梧竹幽居)
This unique pavilion is located to the east of the central pool. Surrounded by phoenix trees (梧桐) and bamboo, the pavilion provides a tranquil retreat. Four round windows in the walls create a captivating visual effect, where different patterns of overlapping circles are visible from different angles.
Songfeng Shui Pavilion (松风水阁)
Known as the “Listening to the Wind in the Pines” pavilion, this structure is dedicated to enjoying the sounds of nature, particularly the pine trees’ resilience in the winter. It is a space for appreciating the strength and beauty of these iconic plants, which symbolize high moral character in Chinese culture.
West Garden
Li Pavilion (笠亭)
Situated on a small hill behind the Fan Pavilion (扇亭), Li Pavilion takes the form of a bamboo hat (箬帽). Its round, gently sloping roof resembles a traditional bamboo hat, providing a distinct visual contrast against the lush greenery of the garden.
Yi Liang Pavilion (宜两亭)
Located near the Artificial Mountain (假山), this hexagonal pavilion is perched atop the hill. It offers a unique perspective of the surrounding landscape and features a stunning panoramic view of the garden.
Thirty-Six Mandarin Duck Pavilion (卅六鸳鸯馆)
This is the main building of the West Garden, with two sections: “Eighteen Mandala Flower Pavilion” (十八曼陀罗花馆) in the south and “Thirty-Six Mandarin Duck Pavilion” in the north. The pavilion’s name comes from its history of housing 36 pairs of mandarin ducks (鸳鸯). The arched ceiling amplifies sound, creating a rich, resonant echo in the pavilion.
Reflection Tower (倒影楼)
As the name suggests, the Reflection Tower is designed to offer a perfect view of the reflections in the water. Built in two stories, the tower was erected in memory of the famous Suzhou artists Wen Zhengming (文徵明) and Shen Zhou (沈周), who were highly regarded by the garden’s owner Zhang Lüqian (张履谦). The tower offers a beautiful view of the water’s mirror-like reflections.
Liuting Pavilion (留听阁)
A single-story, lightweight pavilion located near the central pool, Liuting Pavilion is an ideal spot for listening to the sound of autumn rain (秋雨). Inside, visitors can admire the intricate ginkgo wood carvings (银杏木雕) that depict scenes of pines, bamboo, plum trees, and magpies on plum blossoms (喜鹊登梅), skillfully blending traditional themes in Chinese gardens.
Seasonal Cultural Events
Azalea Festival (杜鹃花节)
Since 1997, the garden has hosted an Azalea Festival (杜鹃花展) each spring (from March to May), showcasing over 200 varieties of azaleas, including both domestic and international species. The garden also features exquisite bonsai azaleas and colorful multicolored azaleas that make this festival a highlight of the season.
Lotus Festival (荷花节)
The Humble Administrator’s Garden (拙政园) has a long tradition of cultivating lotus flowers, with nearly 500 years of history. From June to September, the garden hosts a Lotus Festival (荷花节), where over 200 varieties of lotus flowers and water lilies bloom, filling the air with their fragrance. The miniature lotus flowers (袖珍荷花), particularly at the Bowl Lotus Pavilion (碗莲亭), are especially delightful.
Chrysanthemum Exhibition (反季菊花展)
In the autumn, the garden hosts a Chrysanthemum Exhibition (菊花展), where chrysanthemums of various colors and shapes are displayed in artistic arrangements. The exhibition captures the spirit of the “Chrysanthemum” (菊花) in Chinese culture, symbolizing elegance, endurance, and the ability to withstand harsh conditions.
Important Scenic Spots
East Garden
Shuxiang Pavilion (秫香馆)
The name “Shuxiang” refers to the fragrance of rice during harvest season. This area used to be surrounded by farmland, and in autumn, the fragrance of rice wafts through the air, adding a serene charm to the space. Shuxiang Pavilion is the main building in the eastern section of the garden, with a water view separated by a mountain. Inside, the pavilion is spacious and bright, with long windows adorned with 48 intricate boxwood carvings (黄杨木雕), each depicting detailed scenes, bringing the space an ancient, elegant, and unique atmosphere.
Hanqing Pavilion (涵青亭)
Pavilions are a common feature in Chinese gardens, offering a space for relaxation and contemplation. Hanqing Pavilion is located in a corner, surrounded by lush vegetation. Its design resembles a phoenix (凤凰) spreading its wings, adding dynamic movement to the simple, straight walls. Visitors can sit near the pavilion and enjoy the view of koi (锦鲤) swimming in the pond and lotus flowers (荷莲) swaying gently.
Tianquan Pavilion (天泉亭)
This octagonal pavilion (八角亭) is distinguished by its high eaves and surrounding corridor. The name “Tianquan” refers to the well inside the pavilion, which has been in use since the Yuan Dynasty (元朝). The water in the well is fresh, sweet, and never runs dry, earning the pavilion its name as “Heavenly Spring.”
Furong Pavilion (芙蓉榭)
A distinctive type of building in ancient China, pavilions like Furong Pavilion are built to harmonize with the surrounding landscape. It is half on the bank and half over the water, creating a floating, ethereal effect. Facing a wide pond, it is an excellent spot for enjoying lotus flowers during the summer months.
Zhuiyun Peak (缀云峰) and Lianbi Peak (联璧峰)
Located to the north of Lanxue Hall (兰雪堂), these peaks stand tall amid the green trees and bamboo. Zhuiyun Peak grows progressively larger, resembling clouds at the summit. Covered in moss and vines, it evokes an ancient and poetic charm.
Central Garden
Xiangzhou (香洲)
This two-story boat-shaped pavilion (舫), elegant and delicate, reflects in the pond, amplifying its grace and beauty. Xiangzhou symbolizes the ideal of literati and scholars, adding a cultural layer to the garden’s design.
Xuexiang Yunwei Pavilion (雪香云蔚亭)
The name “Xuexiang” refers to the fragrance of plum blossoms (梅花), while “Yunwei” indicates the flourishing of plants. This pavilion is an excellent spot for appreciating plum flowers in early spring, filling the air with their subtle fragrance. It is also known as the Winter Pavilion (冬亭).
Wuzhu Youju (梧竹幽居)
A unique pavilion located in the east of the central pool, Wuzhu Youju offers a tranquil atmosphere with its surrounding phoenix trees (梧桐) and bamboo. Its most notable feature is four circular openings in the walls, creating an unusual and captivating visual effect of overlapping rings when viewed from different angles. The plaque for Wuzhu Youju was written by the famous calligrapher Wen Zhengming (文徵明).
Songfeng Shui Pavilion (松风水阁)
Known as the “Listening to the Wind in the Pines” pavilion, it celebrates the symbolism of pines, bamboo, and plum trees (岁寒三友) in Chinese culture, representing endurance and high moral character. Visitors can enjoy the gentle breeze and listen to the sounds of the pines, offering a moment of reflection and peace.
Xiaofei Hong (小飞虹)
One of the rare corridor bridges (廊桥) in Suzhou gardens, Xiaofei Hong features a crimson bridge railing (朱红色桥栏) that reflects beautifully in the water. Its unique shape, like a flying rainbow (飞虹), makes it a classic feature of the Humble Administrator’s Garden (拙政园), connecting the water to the land and adding depth to the landscape.
Yuanxiang Hall (远香堂)
Located in the central section of the garden, Yuanxiang Hall is named for the fragrant lotus flowers (荷花) in the pond. The hall provides a perfect place to enjoy the summer breeze and the refreshing scent of the lotus, creating a tranquil atmosphere ideal for flower appreciation.
West Garden
Li Pavilion (笠亭)
Located behind the Fan Pavilion (扇亭), Li Pavilion is designed to resemble a bamboo hat (箬帽). Its round roof gently slopes, blending harmoniously with the surrounding trees, making it a unique feature of the garden.
Yi Liang Pavilion (宜两亭)
This hexagonal pavilion is perched on a hill, offering a panoramic view of the surrounding landscape. It is located near an artificial mountain (假山), providing an excellent spot for contemplation.
Thirty-Six Mandarin Duck Pavilion (卅六鸳鸯馆)
A key feature of the West Garden, this building is split into two sections: the Eighteen Mandala Flower Pavilion (十八曼陀罗花馆) in the south and the Thirty-Six Mandarin Duck Pavilion (卅六鸳鸯馆) in the north. The northern pavilion was named after the 36 pairs of mandarin ducks once kept there. Its vaulted ceiling enhances the acoustics, creating a resonant, echoing effect.
Reflection Tower (倒影楼)
The Reflection Tower offers a stunning view of the water’s mirrored reflection. Built in two stories, it was constructed to honor Wen Zhengming (文徵明) and Shen Zhou (沈周), two famous Suzhou painters (苏州画家). The tower serves as a tribute to their artistic legacy and provides a beautiful perspective of the surrounding garden.
Liuting Pavilion (留听阁)
A single-story pavilion designed for quiet reflection, Liuting Pavilion offers an excellent spot for listening to the autumn rain. Inside, visitors can admire ginkgo wood carvings (银杏木雕) depicting pines, bamboo, plum trees, and magpies on plum blossoms (喜鹊登梅), skillfully merging traditional motifs of Chinese culture.
Fucui Pavilion (浮翠阁)
This grand, double-story octagonal pavilion (八角形双层建筑) is one of the most striking features of the garden, located amidst dense trees and green grass. The pavilion seems to float above the greenery, offering a stunning view of the lush surroundings.
Tower Shadow Pavilion (塔影亭)
From Liuting Pavilion, the Tower Shadow Pavilion creates a magnificent sight. The octagonal pavilion (八角亭) with its pointed roof is reflected in the water, resembling a pagoda, creating a peaceful and harmonious landscape.
Who Will Sit with Me Pavilion (与谁同坐轩)
A unique, fan-shaped pavilion built by the water, it is named after a famous line by Su Dongpo (苏东坡): “With whom will I sit? The bright moon, the clear wind, and I.” The pavilion’s fan-shaped design includes a roof, door, windows, stone table, and benches all in the shape of a fan, offering an intimate space for quiet contemplation.
Wave-Shaped Corridor (波形廊)
The Wave-Shaped Corridor (水廊) is a remarkable feature of the West Garden. It is an L-shaped water corridor that divides into two sections: one leads to the Thirty-Six Mandarin Duck Pavilion, and the other to the Reflection Tower. This corridor, suspended over the water, is an excellent example of the garden’s unique design.
Cultural Activities
Azalea Festival (杜鹃花节)
Since 1997, the garden has hosted the Azalea Festival (杜鹃花展) every spring (March to May), showcasing over 200 varieties of azaleas, including both domestic and international species. The bonsai azaleas and multicolored azaleas are particularly popular, making this festival a colorful celebration of the season.
Lotus Festival (荷花节)
With a history of nearly 500 years, Humble Administrator’s Garden (拙政园) has long been famous for its lotus flowers. From June to September, the garden hosts the Lotus Festival (荷花节), featuring over 200 varieties of lotus flowers and water lilies, filling the air with their fragrance. The miniature lotus flowers (袖珍荷花) are a highlight of the festival.
Chrysanthemum Exhibition (反季菊花展)
In autumn, the garden hosts a Chrysanthemum Exhibition (菊花展), showcasing chrysanthemums in a variety of shapes and colors. The flowers are often arranged in creative displays, symbolizing elegance and endurance in Chinese culture.
Cultural Relics and Inscriptions
Plaques and Couplets
The Humble Administrator’s Garden (拙政园) is home to 45 plaques, 22 couplets, and 18 brick carvings. Some of these inscriptions are from famous calligraphers, adding high historical and artistic value. They are paired beautifully with the garden’s architecture, enhancing the poetic atmosphere of the space. These plaques and couplets also offer valuable insight into the evolution of garden design and landscaping techniques.
Many of the existing plaques were created after the garden’s restoration in 1960, using the Ming Dynasty (明朝) style of Wang Xinyi (王心一), such as the names of the pavilions, which were inspired by the classical “Return to the Countryside” (归田园居). Some of the plaques were damaged during the Cultural Revolution (十年动乱) and were restored in 1981, replicating the style of Wen Zhengming (文徵明).
Existing Plaques and Couplets
Lanxue Hall (兰雪堂):
The plaque uses Running Script (行楷) and is signed “Written by Zhu Yizun” (朱彝尊). The name signifies a hall that is as fragrant as orchids and as pure as snow, symbolizing the high moral character of the garden’s owner.
Shuxiang Pavilion (秫香馆):
The plaque is written in Regular Script (正楷) and does not have a signature. The name suggests a place where the fragrance of grain fills the air, evoking memories of harvest seasons.
Jia Shi Pavilion (嘉实亭):
Written in Clerical Script (隶书) and signed “Zhengming” (徵明). The name represents a pavilion bearing rich fruit, symbolizing abundance and accomplishment.
Couplets in the Garden
Lanxue Hall (兰雪堂):
“This is the site of a returning scholar’s retreat. In the past, friends gathered here to enjoy wine and poetry under the moonlight. Now, a single tree of plum blossoms (梅花) remains, bright under the moon, a reminder of the old times.” The inscription is signed “Written by Qian Dingyi” (钱定一) in the spring of Bing Yin Year (丙寅年). This couplet reflects the garden’s poetic past and its continuation as a place for gathering and contemplation.
Dezhen Pavilion (得真亭):
“The pine and cypress have inherent nature; the bond between gold and stone shows unwavering loyalty.” Signed “Kang Youwei” (康有为), this couplet symbolizes the perseverance of nature and the eternal vow of commitment, drawing parallels between nature and human relationships.
Lotus Breeze Pavilion (荷风四面亭):
“Four walls adorned with blooming lotus flowers (荷花) on three sides; half a pond reflects the autumn waters and a mountain in the distance.” This couplet captures the seasonal beauty of the garden, where the lotus blooms in the summer and the landscape changes with the passing seasons.
Inscriptions and Steles
The Humble Administrator’s Garden (拙政园) also contains inscriptions, book inscriptions, stone carvings, and wooden carvings that were collected and carved by Zhang Luxian (张履谦), the garden’s owner. Due to historical upheavals, many of these inscriptions have been lost. After the Cultural Revolution, the remaining inscriptions were restored, ensuring that much of the original history and artwork of the garden has been preserved.
Other Attractions
Suzhou Gardens Museum
The Suzhou Gardens Museum (苏州园林博物馆) is China’s first museum dedicated to garden culture, established in 1992. The museum opened a new building in December 2007, located next to the Humble Administrator’s Garden (拙政园). The museum showcases the rich heritage and artistic charm of Suzhou’s classical gardens (苏州古典园林). The five main exhibition halls cover garden history, garden art, culture, and tools used in the creation of gardens. The museum uses modern technology to bring the art of classical gardens to life, providing visitors with a deeper understanding of garden design and culture.
Loquat Garden (枇杷园)
The Loquat Garden (枇杷园) is themed around the loquat plant. The garden features numerous loquat trees, and the garden’s design is inspired by the Southern Song poet Dai Fugu’s (戴复古) poem:
“East garden carries wine; west garden brings intoxication, picking loquats, a golden tree.”
The garden is particularly beautiful when the loquats ripen, their golden fruit contrasting with the deep green leaves, creating a vibrant and stunning view.
Local Specialties and Cuisine
Daoxiang Village (稻香村)
Daoxiang Village (稻香村) is a well-known establishment in Suzhou, where you can purchase souvenirs and local delicacies. The shop offers an array of finely crafted pastries shaped like the pavilions of Suzhou’s famous gardens, including Humble Administrator’s Garden (拙政园), Canglang Pavilion (沧浪亭), Lion Grove Garden (狮子林), and Lingering Garden (留园). Their beautifully packaged gifts and traditional pastries are popular with tourists.
“Flower Crisp” Series (“花酥”系列)
A signature treat when admiring flowers in Suzhou, the “Flower Crisp” Series (花酥系列) from Daoxiang Village (稻香村) is a creation that combines delicate design and great flavor. This innovative pastry retains its crisp texture while offering a range of creative fillings. It’s a perfect snack to enjoy while exploring the beauty of the gardens.
Handcrafted Jasmine Pastry (手打茉莉)
During flower viewing season, Daoxiang Village’s Handcrafted Jasmine Pastry (手打茉莉) is a must-try. This delicate pastry features a golden, crispy exterior, topped with dried jasmine flowers and filled with a refreshing jasmine-flavored filling. The subtle aroma of jasmine adds to the soothing experience of enjoying the pastry amidst the garden’s beauty.
Green Rice Cake (青团)
A traditional treat from Jiangnan (江南), Green Rice Cake (青团) is made with glutinous rice wrapped around a variety of fillings, offering a soft and fragrant texture. Daoxiang Village (稻香村) offers different flavors, such as red bean paste (豆沙), egg yolk with pork floss (蛋黄肉松), and matcha chocolate (生巧抹茶). These pastries are a popular choice for gifts and souvenirs, especially with their creative and trendy packaging.
Development and Preservation
In November 1951, the Humble Administrator’s Garden (拙政园) underwent a comprehensive renovation by the government.
In 1960, the eastern section of the garden was rebuilt.
In 1961, the garden was designated as one of the first national key cultural heritage sites by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国国务院).
In 2014, Suzhou began the classification and protection of Suzhou gardens, and in 2015, the first batch of 33 gardens was included in the Suzhou Garden List (苏州园林名录). Following this, in 2016 and 2017, the second and third batches were announced. Currently, there are a total of 90 gardens included, and the fourth batch is soon to be awarded.
Cultural Heritage
Poetry
The Humble Administrator’s Garden (拙政园) has inspired many poets, and several poems are associated with the garden, reflecting its beauty and tranquility. Some notable works include:
Dongxian Song (洞仙歌) by Hong Xin (洪欣)
Zhuozheng Garden Record (王氏拙政园记) by Wen Zhengming (文徵明)
Zhuozheng Garden (拙政园) by Gu Lu (顾禄)
Returning to the Countryside Record (归田园居记) by Wang Xinyi (王心一)
Best Melody of Suzhou (苏州好调寄《望江南》) by Zhou Shoujuan (周瘦鹃)
Lanxue Hall Picture Record (兰雪堂图记) by Shen Deqian (沈德潜)
Landscape of the Garden – Zhuozheng Garden (园林纪胜——拙政园) by Jiang Yinqiu (蒋吟秋)
Garden Restoration Record (补园记) by Zhang Luxian (张履谦)
Zhuozheng Garden Song (拙政园歌) by Yu Yue (俞樾)
Important Figures
Wang Xianchen (王献臣), a famous official from Suzhou (苏州), purchased land in 1513, which was once a dilapidated temple. He built the garden, known as the Humble Administrator’s Garden (拙政园), as a retreat. He was a prominent figure of the Ming Dynasty (明朝), known for his contributions to diplomacy and his deep appreciation for nature. His garden was designed by the renowned painter and calligrapher Wen Zhengming (文徵明), who was invited by Wang Xianchen out of admiration for his moral character. The design aimed to create a tranquil paradise for the garden’s owner.
Notable Events and Honors
Recognition and Achievements
1991: Humble Administrator’s Garden (拙政园) was recognized by the National Development and Reform Commission, Tourism Bureau, and Ministry of Construction as a national-level special tourist attraction.
December 1997: As a typical example of Suzhou’s classical gardens (苏州古典园林), the Humble Administrator’s Garden (拙政园) was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List (联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录), along with Lingering Garden (留园), Wangshi Garden (网师园), and Huanxiu Mountain Villa (环秀山庄).
2000: Awarded AAAA national tourism attraction status by the National Tourism Administration (国家旅游局).
2007: The Suzhou Gardens (苏州园林), including the Humble Administrator’s Garden (拙政园), Tiger Hill (虎丘山), and Lingering Garden (留园), were rated as AAAAA (National 5A Scenic Area) by the Ministry of Construction (建设部).
Important Events
In July 2019, the “Jiangsu Provincial Skills Master Studio” (江苏省技能大师工作室) was inaugurated in the scenic Bonsai Garden (盆景园) of the Humble Administrator’s Garden (拙政园). The Director of the Suzhou Garden and Greening Management Bureau (苏州市园林和绿化管理局), Chen Dalin (陈大林), and the Director of the Suzhou Human Resources and Social Security Bureau (苏州市人力资源和社会保障局), Zhu Zheng (朱正), jointly inaugurated the studio.
Significance and Value
The Humble Administrator’s Garden (拙政园) is regarded as one of the finest examples of a classical Chinese garden, perfectly blending natural beauty with human-made elements. The garden retains the essence of its Ming Dynasty (明朝) design and is considered an important cultural heritage of Jiangnan (江南). Its influence on garden design is profound, and it holds a special place in Chinese garden art (中国园林艺术).
The garden was designed by Wen Zhengming (文徵明), who was highly respected for his achievements in painting and calligraphy. His design reflects the serene and scholarly nature of the Ming Dynasty (明朝), intended to create an ideal retreat for Wang Xianchen (王献臣) amidst the bustling city of Suzhou (苏州). The garden’s design features natural landscapes that echo traditional Chinese aesthetics, making it a symbol of the harmonious integration between humanity and nature.
The ongoing preservation efforts for the Humble Administrator’s Garden (拙政园) include comprehensive monitoring and restoration of heritage structures to maintain the garden’s historical integrity and cultural significance.
Visitor Information
Ticket Prices
Off-Peak Season (January, February, March, June, November, December):
70 RMB per person
Peak Season (April, May, July, August, September, October):
80 RMB per person
Discounts
Active Military Personnel and Retired Military Officers: Free entry with valid military ID.
Disabled Visitors: Free entry with a disability certificate; one accompanying person may enter for free.
Senior Citizens (70 years old and above): Free entry with valid ID or senior citizen certificate.
Children under 1.4 meters in height: Free entry.
Children aged 6 and under: Free entry with valid documentation.
Students aged 6–18 and full-time university students: 50% off with valid ID or student card.
Seniors aged 60-70: 50% off with valid ID or senior citizen discount card.
Opening Hours
March 1 – November 15: 7:30 AM – 5:30 PM
November 16 – February 29: 7:30 AM – 5:00 PM
The ticket sales and entry close 30 minutes before closing time.
From July 2021, the garden offers night-time visits during summer, with the garden open every Monday evening for maintenance.
Transportation
Take Line 1 to Zhuozheng Yuan Transfer Center (拙政园换乘中心) station.
Take Bus No. 5, 301, 305, 9009, 9016, 9025, or Night Bus No. 1 to Suzhou Museum (苏州博物馆) and walk east to reach the garden.
Take Line 4 of the Suzhou Metro to Beisi Ta Station (北寺塔站) and walk about 1 km east.
Take Line 6 of the Suzhou Metro to Zhuozheng Yuan Su Bo Station (拙政园苏博站) and walk about 100 meters to the garden entrance.
