The Well-Known Waist Sword of the Bonan Ethnic Group

The iron forging industry is one of the most important traditional handicraft production methods of the Bonan ethnic group (保安族), playing a significant role in the economic life of this community. In areas inhabited by the Bonan people, nearly every household has a blacksmith. Many blacksmiths divide their time between agricultural work and iron forging: they work on the land during the busy farming season and forge iron during the off-season. Some blacksmiths rely solely on forging iron as their livelihood, earning money by producing iron goods for the local communities or for Tibetan communities in Qinghai (青海) and the southern part of Gansu (甘肃).

Varieties of Iron Products

The iron products produced by the Bonan people are diverse and include nearly all types of tools and utensils used in daily life. Among these, the most famous and widely produced item is the waist sword, which accounts for approximately 80% to 90% of the total iron products manufactured by the Bonan people.

Types and Characteristics of Bonan Waist Swords

The Bonan waist sword (保安腰刀) is a traditional handicraft that has gained significant recognition, particularly in the northwestern regions of China. These swords come in a wide variety of types, with some of the most well-known styles being:

Shiyangmian (石羊面)

Shuangluo (双罗)

Yawuqi (牙武器)

Bianqiao (边桥)

Manba (满巴)

Xiluo (西罗)

Boriji (博日吉)

Shuangdao (双刀)

The swords are typically produced in three main sizes: 5 cun (寸), 7 cun, and 10 cun.

Manufacturing Process

The manufacturing process of these swords is highly complex, involving between 30 to 80 steps. The process typically begins with the repeated forging of iron, followed by splitting it and adding steel. The sword is then quenched to complete the process. The swords are renowned for their sharpness and durability, achieving a balance between hardness and flexibility.

Design and Decoration

Sword Blades: The surfaces of the blades are often adorned with intricate designs, such as:

• Stars

• Plum Blossoms

• Steamboat Balls

• Dancing Phoenix

• Double Dragons Playing with Pearls

These patterns are carved with exceptional craftsmanship, making each sword a work of art.

Sword Handles: The handles are typically made from either black or white ox horn, known for their delicate luster. Other materials such as rigid plastics and celluloid are also used. The handles are usually inlaid with brass, red copper, or galvanized iron wire for decoration, and polished to a smooth, shiny finish.

Sword Scabbards: The scabbards are often made from brass or tinplate and are forged with a wooden interior to protect the blade.

Popularity and Demand

Bonan waist swords are highly valued for their exquisite craftsmanship, unique and beautiful styles, and sharp edges. They are not only cherished by the Bonan people but also in great demand throughout northwestern China. The swords are a symbol of the Bonan ethnic group's rich cultural heritage and skilled craftsmanship, and they continue to be an important part of their traditional handicraft industry.